Measurement of time has always been a challenge to scientists and engineers. And maintaining a fixed standard has always been essential for almost every aspect of our life. So, accurate measurement of time has always been an area of research. Synchronization of clocks has always been a difficult task, we must have a fixed standard to which all the clocks are synchronized. So there is a need for a national standard of time.

Indian Standard Time (IST) is the time observed throughout India, with a time offset of UTC+05:30hours (where UTC is Coordinated Universal Time). Indian Standard Time is calculated on the basis of 82.5° E longitude, which is just near Allahabad Mirzapur in the state of Uttar Pradesh. The longitude difference between Mirzapur and the United Kingdom’s Royal Observatory at Greenwich translates to an exact time difference of 5 hours 30 minutes. But you may ask, Why it is important? What will happen if my time is not synchronized to it? In modern computer networks time synchronization is critical because event time is important during various activities of network and system. Time is the only frame of reference across all devices on the network. In absence of synchronization, setting up the correlation between log file on different devices is impossible. For example, tracking security breaches, network usage, or problems affecting a large number of components is impossible if timestamps in logs are not synchronized. A brief overview of various sectors where time synchronization is the key issue and makes colossal difference is as follows.

Strategic sectors

Precise time measurement and synchronization are critical for various strategic sectors, including ISRO, DRDO, Indian air force, Indian astronomical observatories etc. Surveillance, accurate targeting, satellite launching and placing them in right orbits, space application and astronomical research relies on accurate time synchronization. All these sectors are currently time synchronized to Primary Reference Time Scale of CSIR-NPL.

Navigation

A satellite navigation system uses satellites to provide autonomous geo-spatial positioning. Satellite navigation determine any location with high accuracy and precision with the help of time signals. The system can be used for navigation or for tracking the position of something fitted with a receiver (satellite tracking). These signals calculate the current local time to high precision with synchronization. The United States NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS) is global operational satellite navigation system. India has already launched the IRNSS, with an operational name NAVIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation), a constellation of satellites for navigation in and around the Indian Subcontinent. Time synchronization of nanosecond accuracies of the onboard satellite clocks with the base receivers and transmitters is essential for pin pointing position of an object on the earth.

National security

Monitoring of any violence or national calamity and immediate action against it require time synchronization among the security agencies and alarming systems. What if a security system deployment is not synchronized? Time synchronization could have preempted a problem. Let’s take a simple example of problem, a defense employee leaked confidential data and compromised national security, but the legal department declines to prosecute and its happen because the security system shows him entering the area several minutes after a particular event was logged on the computer.

Electronic transactions and other cybercrimes

Just few days before the major announcement of the Prime minister on demonetization and push towards the digital transactions on 8th November 2016, an unfortunate event of security breach of digital transactions took place. This affected over 40 lakh debit/credit cards and raised a question in minds of people about the security of their money while doing cashless transactions. There comes the role of IST in curbing cyber-crimes. All electronic transactions require accurate time stamping for fraud protection and synchronization of all associated network devices to a common reference time. Non-uniformity of time across different systems creates problem in investigation by the law enforcement agencies (LEAs) of crime and cyber breaches committed by using cyber infrastructure. If a network is not synchronized and all the computer clocks keep a different time, then it is very difficult to find out virus. Time synchronization allows analysts to determine accurately the effect of an intrusion so it can be dealt with efficiently. International trade, Weather prediction and disaster management, Power grid application, Identifying underground resources and Transportation are some other fields of applications.

But who disseminates IST? And how?

CSIR-NPL disseminates IST (scientifically named as UTC+5.30 hours) through its services like Teleclock, NTP and two-way Satellite link. The former two services provide time to general public and societal utility sec

tors like aviation, railways etc. The later, i.e. two-way satellite link is used for